If you grew up as a parentified child, it is likely that you were the most emotionally regulated person in your family. However, most people who grew up as parentified children actually have significant emotional dysregulation. It just looks very different than what we picture when we think about emotional dysregulation. This is a hidden cost of parentification, and it gets missed by everybody—often including the person who grew up parentified. Understanding this can help point you in the direction of a piece that might be missing from your healing journey. True emotional regulation has been tied to happiness in extensive research. When we feel emotionally regulated, we feel so much better. What Actually Happens to the Parentified Child The child who grows up emotionally parentified learns to suppress their own emotions in order to take care of others. They suppress whatever needs they might have—anger, disappointments, desires. Their emotions are not validated, acknowledged, or understood. They are just pushed down in order to not upset a volatile parent or to caretake for somebody else in the family. Long-term, if you were parentified, you probably struggle with significant anxiety. It is also likely you feel substantial guilt and resentment that can weigh you down and be very depressing. And, often, numbness kicks in. I think that when we suppress our emotions and we do not learn how to process them and understand them—when we are just pushing them down, pushing them down—the emotions that leak out are anxiety, guilt, resentment, and numbness. Anger as well. These are the emotions I saw the most in my work as a psychotherapist with people who grew up parentified. They did see themselves as the calm one, the competent one—which they were. But the backlash from all of that was a struggle with anxiety, depression, or some of those other difficult emotions. Why This Emotional Dysregulation Stays Hidden One reason that this cost of parentification stays hidden—that we do not recognize the emotional dysregulation—is that most of us tend to think of people with emotional dysregulation as those who have huge swings in emotions: big angry outbursts, or moods swinging from manic to depressed. Those are the situations we think of when we consider people who are very emotionally dysregulated, and they are. But that is the external manifestation of emotional dysregulation . We can also have significant emotional dysregulation that is all internal. Consider somebody with obsessive-compulsive disorder—many people can hide it completely, but internally there is substantial emotional dysregulation. Or the high-functioning people we know who have significant anxiety but do not let it out. Just because we appear emotionally regulated does not mean we are. Why This Emotional Dysregulation Happens Let me talk about why this emotional dysregulation happens in a child who grows up parentified. Ideally, a parent helps a child learn to emotionally regulate. If the parent has reasonable emotional regulation and was nurtured themselves, this is very instinctual. This parent knows how to soothe an infant to help them calm down, or to energize and interest the infant when awake. The parent's own ability to breathe and calm themselves is actually emotionally regulating for an infant (or any age child!). As the child grows up, the "good enough parent" helps the child identify emotions, label them, validate them, understand why they are happening, and then also problem-solve what to do about them. (And remember, no one does this perfectly!) Unfortunately, what happens if a parent is unable to emotionally regulate themselves? They will not have the skills to teach their child or the instincts to help the child regulate naturally. Sometimes, a parent without emotional regulation will look to the child to help them regulate. This is "emotional parentification." The parent regularly communicates to the child, verbally or not, "you cannot be upset, because I am upset." Or, "you have to take care of this for me because I cannot cope." I know people get anxious when I talk about this because they think, "well, in some situations you have to do that." And, yes, sometimes even the best parents have to do this. But I am talking about a consistent pattern where it is unreasonable for the parent to require that the child suppress their emotions so that they can take care of the adult's emotions. It is a consistent pattern, and the child is not helped to learn any emotional regulation. The child learns to read other people's moods so that they can help regulate them—calm this person down, help that person function, keep the siblings quiet so the parent does not get mad. The child develops significant emotional intelligence in terms of picking up on other people's emotions, but not much in terms of understanding their own emotions. The Critical Insight: Suppression Disguised as Regulation The most critical insight to take away here is this: when the emotional regulation system is reversed—when the child is supposed to help the parent regulate—the child is not learning emotional regulation. The child is learning emotional suppression. However, that suppression will be seen as regulation. I would love to know if that makes sense to you and if understanding that is helpful for you. The 7 Components of True Emotional Regulation Let me talk about what true emotional regulation is. If you want more on this topic, please drop me a note—I think it is a super important topic. So what is true emotional regulation instead of pseudo-regulation? As I go through these components of true emotional regulation, I also want you to keep in mind that nobody does this perfectly . And I do mean nobody. We are human. However, increasing your ability to do each of the seven things listed below can be very helpful. With healthy emotional regulation, our moods still go up and down, but they stay within a zone of tolerance. The term "zone of tolerance" comes from psychotherapist terminology, but I think it is intuitive what that means. When people get manic or way too excited, way too anxious (way too up), or way too depressed (way too low), it can cause significant problems. People can stop functioning. Those states are very painful. Allowing yourself to have whatever emotions you have—not suppressing them, not ignoring them—and learning how to listen to them and learning what to do when they are talking to you will help you stay within that zone of tolerance. People who have healthy emotional regulation still get angry. They still get sad, they still experience grief and might have an extended period of grief. This is not about shutting off our emotions—it is more about learning to see them as information that is very valuable. Emotions can guide good decision-making if we learn to think about them, understand them, understand when they are overblown and maybe were triggered by some event in the past. So we learn to calm down those overblown reactions, but not ignore them. **Seven Components of True Emotional Regulation** **1. Awareness** Noticing emotions as they arise, noticing the physical feeling that goes with the emotion. The sooner we are aware of "oh yes, that is what I am feeling," the easier it is to regulate our emotions. **2. Labeling the Emotion** This can be difficult. Sometimes we do not know what we are feeling, and that is okay too. Often we have many feelings at once, so it can be very confusing. You can have conflictual feelings about different situations, but labeling emotions actually engages a part of the brain that helps you regulate. I did a whole video on that topic, which I will try to link here. But label the emotion the best you can. Even if it is to say "I am feeling upset, I am feeling a lot of things, and I do not yet know exactly what"—that is okay too. It sometimes can take a few days to figure out what you are feeling. Allow yourself that time. **3. Acceptance** Accepting your emotions, not judging them as good or bad. Not thinking "I should not have this one, I should have that one instead." Accept your emotions. Validating them would be another way to say this—validate the emotions that you are having. We tend to judge emotions as good or bad, reasonable or unreasonable, but honestly, it is the actions we take that can be reasonable or unreasonable. Right now we are just talking about listening to your emotions and accepting them. **4. Processing Your Emotions** Processing your emotions probably could be broken down into many other categories, but processing emotions is about understanding what information that emotion is giving you. All emotions give us information. Processing could be understanding a trigger or understanding why you had an emotion that was strong or perhaps overblown. What triggered you? Why? Processing the events and the emotions that came out of those events is part of emotional regulation, and it does require some emotional intelligence. Understanding what your emotions are telling you is crucial. I have many videos on different emotions—I have a playlist called " Emotional Intelligence ." In my Roadmap to Joy program, I actually have an entire section on deepening self-knowledge, which goes into what different emotions mean, why they come up, and how to interpret them. That is actually section number five of that program because the first parts of the program are about emotional regulation techniques, learning mindfulness, meditation, and learning healthy boundaries. All of this definitely goes together. **5. Self-Soothing** These components all work together because self-soothing is going to help you with your acceptance of emotions. It is going to help you with your processing of emotions. These are not necessarily in the order you have to follow, but these are all components of healthy emotional regulation. Learning various self-soothing techniques that are healthy—not, for example, alcohol or drugs, which might shift your mood very quickly but are biphasic and have a backlash—but learning how to breathe calmly, learning whether going for a walk helps you, petting an animal, or what helps you reregulate your physiology. I would put this into the category of physical regulation. **6. Choosing Your Response** Often our behavior is reactive—very reactive. For somebody who grew up parentified, the reactivity might be automatically helping somebody else, automatically saying yes to something you would rather say no to, automatically picking up that the other person is feeling anxious and then figuring out what you can do about it instead of recognizing your own anxiety. These reactive responses need to be transformed into conscious responses. Figuring out "okay, I had this emotion. What do I want to do?" Not every time that we are angry at somebody do we need to say something. Sometimes it is helpful, sometimes it is not. Being able to choose your response is crucial. Reactivity is where we go into fight, flight, or freeze mode. That is reactivity—the old patterns just triggering us and triggering our behavior. Once we have processed emotions and processed the situation, we can make a good decision about what behavior will come out of that situation. What response do we want to choose? Obviously, that is a very complicated topic, but I think that just thinking about it this way and looking for "what is the best response on my part to this situation?" rather than "what do I automatically feel like I have to do?" can be helpful. **7. Understanding Boundaries** Developing healthy boundaries will help you remain emotionally regulated long-term. Emotional regulation also helps you have healthy boundaries—they work together. Healthy boundaries involve understanding where you end and somebody else begins. What is your responsibility? What emotional realm is yours? Understanding that other people's emotions are their responsibility to take care of. It is about boundaries in terms of a deep understanding of how we operate as humans. It is about cutting that enmeshment that happens with parentification that I talked about last week. It is about healing from that enmeshment, I should say. Once we heal from that enmeshment, we can be individuated. We can be our own individuals, and we can care, and we can sometimes caretake and sometimes receive support. We can move toward more interdependence in our relationships. Moving Forward with True Emotional Regulation Understanding the difference between emotional suppression and true emotional regulation is crucial for anyone who grew up parentified. The skills you developed in reading others' emotions and maintaining family stability were survival mechanisms, but they came at the cost of your own emotional development. True healing involves learning to: - Recognize and validate your own emotions - Understand that your feelings matter just as much as others' - Develop healthy ways to process and respond to emotions - Create boundaries that protect your emotional well-being - Build relationships based on mutual support rather than one-sided caretaking Remember, developing true emotional regulation is a process that takes time and practice. Be patient with yourself as you learn these new skills. I hope this was helpful. Let me know—I am very interested to know your thoughts. Check out some of my other videos and consider the Roadmap to Joy program, which also has a significant component on boundaries. Many people have found it helps them lower anxiety, develop healthy boundaries, and improve their relationship with themselves, which is, long-term, our most important relationship. We are with ourselves our whole lives. What has been your experience with emotional regulation? Have you recognized some of these patterns in yourself? I would love to hear from you in the comments below.

Did you grow up as the emotional caretaker of one of your parents? If so, you might struggle with boundaries and have a hard time validating your own feelings and needs. Parentification is actually a direct pathway to enmeshment. Understanding this can greatly assist you in your healing journey. 7 steps to heal.

Do you feel other people's emotions so strongly that they become your focus? Do you find yourself not even aware of what your own emotions are? If you answered yes, you might be experiencing emotional enmeshment. This blog explains what enmeshment is, what problems it causes, and how you can heal emotional enmeshment.

Do you struggle to set boundaries? Here's the TOP TEN reasons people struggle - and what you can do about it!

An ultimatum might be a boundary that you're setting that has a very severe consequence that you intend to follow through with . Or an ultimatum might be a boundary that's combined with a threat . Understanding the distinction between boundaries, ultimatums, and threats can mean the difference between creating healthier relationships and inadvertently damaging them. Today's blog will help you understand when each approach is appropriate and how to navigate these challenging interpersonal dynamics. Understanding What Boundaries and Consequences Really Are You've probably heard that boundaries go with consequences. If we set a boundary, it usually has some type of consequence, and some of those consequences are very natural. There are natural consequences in terms of how we feel or what we might do. There are natural consequences on a relationship if somebody violates a boundary. We can also set a very specific consequence if a boundary is violated. But not all of those consequences have to be extreme. Not all of those consequences have to threaten the end of a relationship. The actual definition of a boundary is that it's a real or imagined line that marks the edge or limit of something. Boundaries are really about your limits—your structures for navigating the world. They can be purely about yourself and your own self-care, or they can be about what behaviors in relationships you will accept, which ones you won't be happy with, and which ones you absolutely will not accept. Your boundaries reflect your values, your needs, and your wants. Importantly, the consequences that come with boundaries are also about you and for you. Our consequences don't always change the other person's behavior, no matter how much we want their behavior to change, and no matter how much their behavior should change. I think the difference between a boundary and an ultimatum will be clearer if you can really think about these in terms of them being for you, by you, about you , and about you in relationships . Consequences in Healthy Enough Relationships vs Toxic Relationships In healthy enough relationships, the natural consequences of boundary violations might be enough to maintain appropriate behavior patterns. In toxic relationships, stricter consequences are probably needed. And in truly intolerable situations, ultimatums might be needed. For example, i f you're in a relationship with someone who is abusive to you or somebody who lies to you all the time, the behavior and maybe even the relationship probably feel intolerable. In these situations, it is important not to threaten a severe consequence (eg the end of the relationship) unless you are ready to follow through on the consequence. IGenerally we feel ready to follow through with a severe consequence, when we are fully confident in our right to have this boundary, and we fully accept that we can't change the other person's behavior no matter how much you want to. The Problem with Threats In my 20 years working with people as a psychotherapist, what I observed—and I have certainly seen this in myself—is that we often use threats when we are exrtremely emotionally dysregulated. At these moments, we state what might sound like an ultimatum, and we might even believe at that moment that we will follow through with it. But when we've calmed down, all the problems of following through with that threat become clear and we back off. These threats can actually be very damaging both to ourselves and to the relationship. The definition of a threat is actually a statement of intention to harm the other person. We put threats out there when we're very hurt, angry, perhaps desperate. We desperately want the situation to change, but it's not a boundary, it's not an ultimatum, and it's definitely not a consequence for a boundary violation. Understanding Ultimatums: Final Demands The definition of an ultimatum is a final demand or final statement of what you need (or the negotiating party needs), and the rejection of that demand will end negotiations, It's essentially "THIS or no more discussion." If that's the case, make sure for yourself that you're okay with that outcome. Following through with an ultimatum might mean accepting a suboptimal outcome. It might not be the outcome you want, and that's why we often fall back into threatening and not following through. Avoid the Zero-to-Hundred Trap When you set consequences, it can be very helpful to start with natural and "in-between" consequences. I see so much online where people go from zero to a hundred—either you get walked all over or the other person has to do exactly what you want. Usually, there's something in between. There are smaller steps to take. Boundaries are not a means to control the other person; they are not a means to win a power struggle. Boundaries are meant to improve relationships if possible, and to keep you safe if it is not possible. Boundaries are about trying to make a relationship safe and appropriate for the roles of the people involved—keeping the level of intimacy and interaction appropriate to those roles. The Key Factor: Emotional Regulation The most crucial element in setting healthy boundaries—whether they're simple boundaries or more serious ultimatums—is your own emotional regulation. This is really the key to having healthy boundaries and knowing how to set them, express them, and enforce them. Most of the time, it's not about what information you need or what boundaries you should set. While confusion can certainly come up because boundary-setting can be very confusing in many situations, it's more about the emotional response we have when we go to set these boundaries and the emotional triggers that might make us not do that well or fold and not do it at all. I focus extensively on emotional regulation in my boundary program, along with how to set boundaries appropriately and enforce them effectively. The program addresses not just the mechanics of boundary-setting but the inner work needed to maintain them consistently. Information on the program is here: The Ultimate Boudary Course . Moving Forward with Clarity Understanding the difference between boundaries and ultimatums helps you approach relationship challenges more effectively: Remember, healthy boundary-setting is a skill that improves with practice and self-awareness. The goal isn't to control others but to create relationships that honor your values and needs while maintaining appropriate connection with others. I'd love to hear your thoughts on ultimatums versus boundaries. Do you have a specific example or question? Drop it in the comments below and I'll take a look—I might even create a video and blog about it.

When we start setting boundaries with family members, it can send shockwaves through the whole system. This blog describes the four areas necessary to set and hold effective boundaries with family.

The very actions that will free you from anxiety might make you feel worse, temporarily, before they make you feel better. This isn't often talked about, yet understanding this paradox could be the breakthrough you've been waiting for.

How Parentification Creates Adult Anxiety (And How to Heal) If you grew up parentified, you most likely experience a fairly high degree of anxiety as an adult. This connection exists because parentified children are trained from a very young age to take care of other people's emotional needs—an impossible task—and often to handle household responsibilities that are far beyond their developmental capacity. Being responsible for things that are beyond your ability creates a perfect storm for anxiety, both in childhood and adulthood. At its core, anxiety involves trying to control the uncontrollable. When we attempt to manage things we're powerless over—especially other people's emotions—we set ourselves up for chronic anxiety. This is a complex topic, and I'll explore it more deeply as we go. Core Characteristics of Parentified Adults Most people who grew up parentified share certain characteristics. While these traits can have positive aspects, they also create a foundation for persistent anxiety. Let's examine these patterns: **Chronically Overcommitted** Growing up, you had too much on your plate, and these patterns persist into adulthood until we actively work to heal them. As adults, we continue to take on more than we can reasonably handle. Being chronically overcommitted leads to overwhelm, constant stress, and persistent anxious feelings. **Difficulty Relying on Others** People who grew up parentified struggle to depend on others. As children, they learned they couldn't trust others to handle important responsibilities—they could only rely on themselves. This becomes an ingrained pattern that follows you into adulthood. While developing strong self-reliance can be positive in many ways, extreme self-reliance creates unbalanced relationships. The healthiest relationships involve interdependence—sometimes we depend on others, and sometimes they depend on us. There's a natural give-and-take. When we resist relying on anyone else, we prevent this healthy interdependence from developing. This leaves us without adequate support, which increases anxiety. Everything feels like it rests on our shoulders, and we end up believing that other people's behaviors and problems are our responsibility to manage. Reframing Your Childhood Experience In my 20 years of working with clients as a therapist, I often heard, "But I was the most capable person in my family. I was the only one I could rely on." You probably were the only reliable person in that family system. Learning to depend on others as an adult will be challenging, but it's absolutely worth the effort. However, believing you were the most capable and intelligent family member likely reflects seeing yourself through your parent's eyes. Your caregiver(s) viewed you as the most capable and you internalized that perspective. You are most likely not viewing the experience through a child's lens. From a child's perspective, while you may have gained some self-esteem from taking care of others, you were also carrying an enormous burden far beyond your years. This responsibility limited your ability to play, prevented you from being carefree, and kept you constantly focused on what you needed to accomplish for others. All of these factors contribute significantly to anxiety. How to Heal Your Anxiety from Parentification While standard anxiety reduction techniques can certainly help, I believe you'll find it very difficult to fully recover from this type of anxiety unless you address the root cause of parentification and understand how it has shaped you. ** 1. Identify Your Negative Core Beliefs ** The first step toward healing involves understanding what negative core beliefs you developed as a result of parentification. The most common belief is: **"My needs don't matter as much as everyone else's needs."** If you were emotionally parentified, you learned very early that your parent's emotions (or perhaps both parents', or even the entire family's emotional state) took priority over whatever you were feeling. So the belief of "My emotions don't matter" is also likely to resonate. Other common core beliefs include: - "I can't trust others" - "I can't rely on anyone but myself" Before healing can happen and before meaningful changes can be made to your habitual patterns, you must genuinely believe that your needs matter. {I've created a free PDF that helps you identify your specific negative core beliefs and provides practical methods for transforming them. You can access it by clicking here .} You'll need a deep conviction that your needs matter to successfully implement the following steps and change your patterns of worrying about things beyond your control. ** 2. Accept Your Powerlessness Over Others ** I understand that the concept of powerlessness frightens many people. Many people have an immediate reaction of, "No way, I don't want to admit I'm powerless!" However, accepting reality is super helpful in many ways! We are completely powerless over the weather (at least immediate weather conditions, not commenting on climate change). We are equally powerless over other people's emotions. While we can influence others' emotions and certainly offer help, we cannot control how others feel or respond. Consider this example: If a child grows up feeling responsible for preventing their mother's depression, they might occasionally succeed in cheering her up or motivating her to take care of responsibilities. These small victories feel incredibly reinforcing. However, the child cannot cure their mother's clinical depression. The same principle applies to a parent with addiction or an anger problem. A child might sometimes prevent dad from losing his temper or temporarily stop a family member from using substances, but ultimately, controlling someone else's temper or addiction is impossible. When we truly accept that something is impossible, this acceptance becomes profoundly liberating. It can bring enourmous relief to admit to oneself, "I really can't control this outcome, so I don't need to exhaust myself trying!" ** Creating Emotional Boundaries ** For people who still feel responsible for managing others' emotions, I recommend visualizing your emotions as existing within a bubble around you, while the other person's emotions exist within their own separate bubble. I've developed a guided meditation on this concept, and I explore it extensively in my boundary program (Click here for the Ultimate Boundary Course ). This work helps you develop a solid sense of your emotional boundaries—understanding where they begin and end, and clarifying what you are and aren't responsible for managing. **3. Release Attachment to Outcomes You Cannot Control** The third step involves letting go of excessive attachment to results that lie outside your control. Typically, people become most attached to outcomes involving family members with self-destructive behaviors. I completely understand the desire to help and make a positive difference. However, if you believe you're responsible for someone else's choices and behaviors, you'll remain trapped in anxiety because you'll continuously attempt to control something that someone else actually controls. Other adults have agency over their own behavior, whether that leads to positive or negative consequences. Real-World Examples Let me illustrate how these three principles work together with concrete examples: **Example 1: Your Young Adult Child's Career Choices** Imagine you're a parent whose young adult child is pursuing what you consider a disastrous career path. You believe they won't be able to support themselves financially, and you desperately want them to choose a different professional direction. You spend enormous mental energy strategizing how to convince them to change course. This constant worry is probably damaging your relationship because your young adult wants autonomy over their decisions, while you're consumed with fear about their future. Your motivation stems from genuine care, but it's manifesting as anxiety and attempts to control something beyond your influence. **Example 2: A Friend in What You Perceive as an Abusive Relationship** Another common scenario involves a friend who remains in what you believe is an abusive relationship, and you feel an urgency to help them recognize this. Speaking up and sharing your observations is appropriate and caring. However, if you become convinced that it's your responsibility to ensure they leave this relationship, you'll experience tremendous anxiety trying to control someone else's major life decisions while potentially damaging your friendship. These situations are genuinely difficult. When we witness someone making choices that appear destructive, stepping back feels almost impossible. The Healing Paradox: Embracing a Temporary Increase in Anxiety...! Here's a crucial aspect of healing that many people don't anticipate: as you begin changing your behaviors and establishing healthier boundaries, your anxiety will temporarily increase. Currently, your anxiety drives you to worry about others and intervene (or desperately want to intervene) or obsessively analyze their situations. Your anxiety is the engine behind these behaviors. This anxiety drives your actions. These actions reinforce the anxiety. Examples of the actions that come from "parentification-based" anxiety could be: researching someone else's problem extensively, taking care of what they should be taking care of as an independent adult, lecturing and continually bringing up your opinion about what they should do, etc. Changing these behaviors and restraining from interventions will be needed in order to lower your anxiety in the long run. However, restraining from these familiar responses will initially heighten your anxiety. Learning to tolerate this temporary spike in anxious feelings is essential for changing your behavioral patterns, which is what ultimately transforms this entire cycle. Your Roadmap to Freedom Here are the essential steps for healing anxiety rooted in parentification: 1. **Understand how parentification affected you** and identify the negative core beliefs that developed as a result, then begin the work of healing those beliefs 2. **Accept your powerlessness over others** and develop clear emotional boundaries 3. **Release attachment to outcomes** involving other people's behaviors and choices 4. **Prepare for and tolerate the temporary anxiety increase** that occurs when you stop trying to control others—and learn to sit with this discomfort Remember, if you grew up parentified, these patterns developed as survival mechanisms. They served an important purpose in your childhood environment, but they no longer serve your well-being as an adult. With understanding, patience, and the right tools, you can heal from this anxiety and build healthier, more balanced relationships. Healing from parentification requires time and often benefits significantly from professional support. Please be patient and compassionate with yourself as you learn to prioritize your own needs and trust others to manage their own lives. I'd love to hear whether this information resonates with your experience and what insights emerged for you. If you found this helpful, please share it with others who might benefit from understanding this important connection between childhood parentification and adult anxiety.

You might be walking along, not thinking about anything that would make you anxious, when all of a sudden you're filled with anxious feelings. There's a reason this happens, and I'm going to share it with you today. Understanding subconscious triggers can help you understand yourself and calm your anxiety. The Frustrating Reality of Somatic Anxiety We're often told that anxiety starts with thinking, with our cognitions. People or doctors will say, "You must have been thinking about something that made you anxious. There must be something happening in your life that makes you anxious." This can be incredibly frustrating and invalidating for people who experience somatic anxiety—anxiety that manifests in the body. Very often, people who experience anxiety this way become frustrated because the anxiety management tools shared by therapists, doctors, YouTubers, and friends don't relate to their experience. In this blog, I'll help you make the connection between how you experience anxiety and how these tools actually can help you, when applied correctly. Understanding Subconscious Memories Very intense experiences become linked in our memory bank with the physiological feelings we experienced at the time. This can happen with positive memories and with very negative and upsetting memories. Our hippocampus, one of the key parts of our brain that handles memory, encodes our memories with sights, sounds, feelings, smells and tastes—but not always with a complete "story" of the event. Positive Memory Links On the positive side, there might be a particular smell—like cinnamon or something your grandmother cooked—that brings you a lot of pleasure. Or it could be the way the landscape feels and smells during the first snow. You might have many positive memories, and when those sensory elements recur, you feel that positive response. Sometimes this links to an something you do remember, but not always. Traumatic Memory Links With traumatic memories, these links can be formed in a very intense way. For both major traumas and smaller traumas, we can have encoded memories that don't reach our conscious mind, but these memories are encoded with the physiological feelings of the experience. When these physiological responses are triggered, they can feel completely out of your control, making you feel powerless to stop or change the feelings. The intensity of the link between sensory information and emotional response is related to the intensity of the initial trigger event. The link is also strengthened each time you experience the trigger. Preverbal memories can also be encoded this way and trigger these feelings. However, the practices needed to calm these responses is the same whether the initial experience is conscious, subconscious or preverbal.